I'd like to not just export and import Jobs but sync the changes I make for Jobs that update different environments.

I have, for example, a Job that copies a file to another folder. In Dev and Test the file name is the same but the folder paths change.

Is there a way to use environment variables for those folder paths? How can I keep the Job in sync between the different environments? Is there a way anyone can think of to automate this?

We use variables for this. For example:
create a variable dbServer. In Dev it has a value \\devserver\somepath . In Test it has a value \\testserver\somepath
In you jobs/tasks you use \\{USERVAR(dbServer)}\filename.txt instead of the hardcoded path.